Competition Commission of India constituteded Eminent Persons Advisory Group

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) formed an Eminent Persons Advisory Group (EPAG) on 7 May 2012.  The group is constituted to provide CCI inputs and advice on issues impacting markets and competition, among others.
The group comprise Infosys founder N.R. Narayana Murthy, former Comptroller and Auditor General V.N. Kaul, former Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India Rakesh Mohan, Biocon Chairman and MD Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, former Director, of IIM-Ahmedabad Bakul Dholakia, former Chairman of CERC S.L Rao, former Vice-Chancellor of NLSIU, Bangalore N.L Mitra.
The group will hold its maiden meeting on July 2012. The Group will have interaction/meetings with the Commission two to three times a year.

Unemployment Survey by NSSO

The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Statistics and Programme Implementation Shri Srikant Kumar Jena has said that Employment and Unemployment Surveys are generally conducted once in five years.

In a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today he said, the last survey on the subject was conducted in NSS 66th round during July 2009-June 2010. Another survey on the subject is being conducted in NSS 68th round (July 2011-June2012). As per NSS 66th round the total number of unemployed in the age group of 18 to 25 years in the country according to usual status is estimated as 5.19 million.

Rural and urban area-wise figures of unemployed in the above age-group are 3.10 and 2.09 million respectively.

Agriculture Development Bank

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established on 12 July 1982 by an Act of the Parliament for providing and regulating credit and other facilities for the promotion and development of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting integrated rural development and securing prosperity of rural areas, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

NABARD provides refinance assistance under Sec.21 (i) of NABARD Act, 1981 for Short Term Seasonal Agricultural Operations (STSAO) purposes for a period not exceeding 8 months to Cooperatives, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and any other financial institutions approved by Reserve Bank of India. Further, in terms of Govt. of India’s instruction the Short Term refinance to Cooperative Banks, RRBs is being provided by NABARD at concessional rate of interest in order to enable them to provide crop loans upto Rs. 3 lakh for a period of one year to farmers at 7% p.a.

Education of Women/Girls

The government has initiated a number of schemes to promote education among girls in the country. Under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the States are encouraged to recruit 50% women teachers. Each district is provided with an ‘innovation fund’ which can inter alia be utilized for need based interventions such as free textbooks and uniforms up to class VIII, separate toilets for girls to ensure better attendance and retention of girls.

3439 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas (KGBVs) are operational and benefit 3,35 lakh SC, ST, OBC, BPL and minority girls at upper primary level. 1925 hostels have been sanctioned for running of girls’ hostels for students of secondary and higher secondary schools. Under the scheme for Construction of Women’s Hostels in Polytechnics, financial assistance have been provided to 487 polytechnics amounting to Rs. 219.45 upto 31/03/2012.

National Policy on Microfinance

Planning Commission had constituted a High Level Committee on financial sector reforms under the Chairmanship of Shri Raghuram G. Rajan, Professor, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago in August, 2007. The Committee submitted the report in September, 2008.

The Committee observed that, “despite its success, the future growth of microfinance is constrained by a number of factors. An important issue is the ability of MFIs to raise financing. Given the large estimated demand for microcredit, MFIs need multiple sources of financing, apart from the traditional loan financing from banks. Other constraints include an unclear regulatory environment and the lack of well-developed management information systems and an adequate supply of trained management talent to facilitate sustainable scaling up.”

To provide a formal statutory framework for the promotion, development, regulation and orderly growth of the micro finance sector and thereby to facilitate universal access to integrated financial services for the unbanked population, the Department of Financial Services is formulating Micro Finance Institutions (Development and Regulation) Bill 2012.

NRHM- Key Achievements

Some of the key achievements under National Rural Health Mission are:

1. Accelerated improvements in key reproductive health indicators e.g. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Institutional Delivery Rate.

2. Upgradation and operationalization of 8250 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) as 24X7 facilities

3. Operationalization of 2312 FRUs which includes Community Health Centers (CHCs), Sub District Hospitals and District Hospitals for providing OPD and 24*7 indoor facilities especially for comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care.

4. 374 Special Newborn Care Units, 1638 Newborn Stabilization Units, and 11432 Newborn Care Corners have been established at different levels of health facilities.

5. Augmentation of the availability of skilled manpower by means of different skill- based trainings such as Skilled Birth Attendance for Auxiliary Nurse Midwives/Staff Nurses/Lady Health Visitors; training of MBBS Doctors in Life Saving Anaesthetic Skills and Emergency Obstetric Care including Caesarean Section.

6. Over 1.4 lakh Human Resources have been engaged across the country on contractual basis under National Rural Health Mission which includes- ANMs, Staff Nurses, Paramedics, AYUSH Doctors, Doctors, Specialists and AYUSH Paramedics.

7. Engagement of 8.61 lakhs Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to generate demand and facilitate accessing of health care services by the community.

As per the Health Management Information System (HMIS) under the National Rural Health Mission, total institutional deliveries at public and private accredited health facilities increased from 1.62 Crores in the year 2009-10 to 1.68 Crores in the year 2010-11.

The key strategies adopted by the Government of India to strengthen NRHM are:

• Creation of strong institutional mechanisms at National and State level through Mission Steering group, State/District Health Mission.

• Strengthening Programme Management units for effective public health management through State, District and Block Programme management units.

• Enhanced fund allocation to NRHM for additional funding to States.

• Preparation of inter-sectoral District Health Plans.

• Integrating vertical Health and Family Welfare programmes at National, State, District and Block levels.

• Supporting States through united funds for the functioning of Village Health Sanitation & Nutrition Committees and thereby focusing on creation of Village Health Plans.

• Promoting access to healthcare at household level through ASHA.

• Supporting the States to train and enhance capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions.

• Strengthening facilities from PHCs and above through grants to RogiKalyanSamitis (RKS).

• Promotion of Public Private Partnership through NRHM to improve service delivery.

Country poised to achieve total sanitation coverage by 2017

Total Sanitation Campaign, TSC, now underway in 607 rural districts covering all the States and Union Territories is expected to be completed by the year 2017. The information was given by the Rural Development Minister Shri Jairam Ramesh in a statement in the Lok Sabha today. He said, the Government has increased the allocation under TSC from 1500 crore rupees in the year 2011-12, the last year of the 11th Five Year Plan to 3,500 crore rupees as Budget Estimate during the year 2012-13, the first year of the 12th Plan. The states have also been advised for engagement of Swachchhata Doots to accelerate sanitation coverage. The Minister also informed that the Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and Human Resource Development, HRD, the key components to generate and meet demand for sanitation are being strengthened. Out of total project objectives of 12.57 crore Individual Household Latrines, 8.73 crore have been completed and about 88 lakh latrines have been reported to be completed during the year 2011-12. Similarly, school toilet units, Anganwadi toilets and community sanitary complexes are also on way to meet the targets. 

Establishment of Nyaya Panchayats

Ministry of Panchayati Raj had prepared a Draft Nyaya Panchayat (NP) Bill to provide for the establishment of Nyaya Panchayats at the level of each Village Panchayat or a cluster of Village Panchayats in consultation with Ministry of Law & Justice. The objective of the proposed Nyaya Panchayat Bill is to provide a sound institutionalized, alternative forum at the grassroots level with community involvement for dispute resolution through mediation, conciliation and compromise. After taking into consideration the comments received from the concerned Central Ministries/ Departments, the Draft Nyaya Panchayat Bill was sent to Ministry of Law & Justice. The Bill could not be finalized due to various objections raised by Ministry of Law and Justice which included, inter alia, the issues of its Constitutional validity and overlapping provisions of Gram Nyalaya Act 2008 already enacted by that Ministry. The Ministry of Law & Justice provided a copy of the revised Draft NP Bill 2010 in November 2010 for views/comments of the Ministry. Our detailed comments have been forwarded to Ministry of Law & Justice on 22nd June 2011. 

Report placed India on Fifth Position in the List of Countries affected from Cyber Crime

India, according to a report published by the Security and Defence Agenda (SDA) and McAfee on 6 May 2012, ranked fifth in the list of countries affected of cyber crime. The report, ‘Cyber Security: The Vexed Question of Global Rules’, rated the Internet privacy in the country as low. Brussels-based SDA spoke to leading global security experts to ensure that findings would offer useful recommendations and actions.

At the Cyber Security Summit which concluded in Bangalore on 4 May 2012, officials from the National Security Committee claimed that the government is firstly looking at capacity building that will lead to the draft of the national cyber security policy which is currently under discussion.

The report mentioned that India knows the repercussions of cyber crime which directly affects the reputation of the country as a safe investment or business place. The report also expressed concern over lack of a single operator to effectively control Internet, telecom and power sectors.

Population Living in Slums

The Minister for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA) Kumari Selja has said that Housing and Slum development being State subjects, it is for the States to provide housing and basic facilities like drinking water, electricity and sanitation etc depending upon their priorities and availability of financial resources etc. However, Government launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in December 2005 to assist States/ Union Territories for undertaking programmes for provision of housing and basic services to urban poor/slum dwellers under Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) in 65 select cities including Mumbai and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) - in other cities/towns. The duration of JNNURM was 7 years beginning from 2005-06. The Government has approved the extension of JNNURM by 2 years upto the end of financial year 2013-14 for completion of projects sanctioned upto March, 2012 and implementation of 3 pro-poor reforms. State-wise estimated population who live in slums in the country as per “Committee on Slum Statistics/Census” constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is annexed.

In a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today Kumari Selja said, a total of 1615 projects, 529 under BSUP and 1086 under IHSDP, have been approved so far for construction of 1602387 houses, 10,31,856 under BSUP and 570531 under IHSDP, and other related civic amenities like water supply, sewerage, community toilets, street lighting etc across the country.

She said, a new scheme ‘Rajiv Awas Yojana’ (RAY) has been launched in June 2011. The Scheme provides financial assistance to States that are willing to assign property rights to slum dwellers for provision of decent shelter and basic civic and social services for slum redevelopment, and for creation of affordable housing stock.

Slums being a State subject, it is upto the Government of Maharashtra to take steps to address the issues of slums, including Dharavi, availing allocation under JNNURM and RAY and mobilising State and Local Body funds, the Minister added.

Click here to see Annexure  (Population living in Slums)

National Workshop India’s National Communication to UNFCCC – Future Challenges

At National Workshop is held at New Delhi on India’s National communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), organized by the Minister of Environment and Forests on May 9, 2012; India’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC was released. India’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India towards fulfillment of the reporting obligation under the Convention.

Unveiling the Natcom II the Minster of state (I/C) for Environment & Forests Smt. Jayanthi Natarajan said that India is fully committed to its responsibilities towards global community. She said that India has voluntarily reduced carbon emission.She congratulated the scientists for commendable work.

The secretary, Ministry of Environment & Forest Shri T. Chatterjee said that National Communication II reiterates India’s commitment to global concerns on climate change. He said local and regional data has been very curial is preparing the document.

It is recalled that India is a Party to the UNFCCC. The Convention, in accordance with is Article 4.1 and 12.1 , enjoins all Parties, both developed and developing country Parties, to furnish information , in the form of a National Communication (a national report), regarding implementation of the convention. The Ministry of Environment and Forests is the Executing and Implementing Agency for the project for preparation of the national communication. A National Steering Committee (NSC) under the Chairmanship of Secretary (E&F) oversaw the implementation of the work programme devised for preparation by the Government of India. A National Project Director co-ordinates the activities and is assisted by National Technical Experts, housed under the Project Management Cell (PMC).

Towards fulfillment of the obligation of furnishing information on implementation of the Convention, the Government of India submitted its Second National Communication in May, 2012. The First (Initial) National Communication was submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat on June 22, 2004.

A broad based participatory approach was followed involving multi-disciplinary teams and other stakeholders comprising of more than 220 scientists belonging to over 120 institutions. These teams were drawn from premier Research Institutions, Universities, Government Ministries and Departments and Non-Governmental Organizations of national repute across the country. Besides, the stakeholder consultations, training, thematic and awareness generation events covering more than 1000 participants were organized through 30 conferences/seminars/workshops/consultations across the country towards preparation of the report.

The salient features of report include:

The report provides the context and the National Circumstances inter alia India’s geography, imperative inter alia India’s geography, imperative of development needs, climate and economy; based on which India would be addressing and responding to the challenges of climate change.

The report includes results of wide ranging of studies, specifically conducted at the National level capturing diversity of India.

The Greenhouse Gas Inventory of gases of anthropogenic origin for the year 2000 has been reported, as per the stipulated guidelines using prescribed methodologies by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

It is to be noted that, for year 2000, the net Carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions for India were estimated to be 1301.21 million tones, indicating a growth of 4.2% in Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from the levels in 1994.

The report also provides the GHG profile for the year 2007 - a unique feature of this report, which is estimated to be of the order of 1771.66 million tones CO2 equivalent.

The report provides details of climate change scenarios for one scenario, namely; A1B (for three time slices), which assumes a significant energy technological advancement, with a healthy mix of renewable energy technologies. A overall warming scenario is projected.

Climate change impacts in A1B scenario for key sectors of the economy such as water, agriculture, forestry, natural ecosystems, coastal regions, human health, energy, industry and human settlements were assessed using improved models.

It is expected that the information in this report shall be useful to the various stakeholders in policy making at different levels. It is also expected that the information will enhance the understanding of the issues related to climate change and its impacts and create general awareness relating to Government of India’s proactive efforts towards addressing the challenges due to climate change.

Implementation of RSBY in the Country

The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), which became operational from 01.04.2008, is presently being implemented in 24 States/Union Territory, namely, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Chandigarh Administration.

Puducherry Administration and Madhya Pradesh have taken initial steps to implement the scheme. Rajasthan had initially participated in RSBY and discontinued. The State has now again initiated the process for extension of RSBY to MNREGA workers, street vendors, domestic workers and beedi workers. Government of Sikkim has decided in-principle to implement the scheme. Government of Andhra Pradesh has recently floated tender inviting bids from insurance companies to implement RSBY in Rangareddy district on pilot basis.

Governments of Tamilnadu and Goa had initially participated in the scheme, but discontinued to launch their own scheme.

Since inception of the scheme, more than 2.94 crore smart cards have been issued till 30.04.2012. Target for the current financial year 2012-13 is to increase the number of smart cards to 3.4 crore.

Miss India World Vinya Mishra awarded with Kalpana Chawla Excellence Award

Yesteryear actress Sushma Seth and Miss India World Vinya Mishra were awarded with Kalpana Chawla excellence award on 6 May 2012 at Mavlankar Auditorium, New Delhi. The other awardees included Padmabhushan kuchipudi and bharatnatyam dancer Swapnasundari, IPS Officer Shalini Singh, who had won the police medal for meritorious service in 2012 and jewellery designer Puneeta Trikha.

The award instituted by PECOBA (Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh Old Boys Association was conferred by late astronaut's father Banarsi Lal Chawla Chawla. The awards are being given every year in the memory of Kalpana, who died in Space Shuttle Columbia disaster on 1 February 2003.

The Function was organized by PECOBA (Punjab Engineering College Chandigarh Old Boys Association). Kalpana Chawla was an alumnus of this College and got her degree in aeronautical engineering in 1982 from this college.

Report placed India on Fifth Position in the List of Countries affected from Cyber Crime

India, according to a report published by the Security and Defence Agenda (SDA) and McAfee on 6 May 2012, ranked fifth in the list of countries affected of cyber crime. The report, ‘Cyber Security: The Vexed Question of Global Rules’, rated the Internet privacy in the country as low. Brussels-based SDA spoke to leading global security experts to ensure that findings would offer useful recommendations and actions.

At the Cyber Security Summit which concluded in Bangalore on 4 May 2012, officials from the National Security Committee claimed that the government is firstly looking at capacity building that will lead to the draft of the national cyber security policy which is currently under discussion.

The report mentioned that India knows the repercussions of cyber crime which directly affects the reputation of the country as a safe investment or business place. The report also expressed concern over lack of a single operator to effectively control Internet, telecom and power sectors.

Vladimir Putin sworn in as the President of Russia

Vladimir Putin the former Russian Prime Minister and the president of the United Russia Party took the oath as the President of Russia on 7 May 2012. Putin had won the Russian presidential elections with 63.6 % of the vote on 4 March 2012.
Putin, who had served as the President of Russia for two consecutive terms from 2000 to 2008 was constitutionally ineligible to run for the third consecutive term as the president. After Dimitry Medvedev took over as the President of Russia in 2008, he appointed Putin as the Prime Minister of the country.
A graduate from the International Law branch of the Law Department of the Leningrad State University, Putin started his political career when he was in the University. Putin became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union when he was in the university, and remained a member until December 1991 when the party was ultimately dissolved.
Putin’s re-election to the office of president witnessed a series of protest across Russia. He was also accused by the opposition party and some international groups of irregularities during the presidential poll.
The Russian Federation was formed in 1993 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Boris Yelstin was elected as the first president of the Russian Federation.

Central Banks of top 15 countries in the world

List of Central Banks of Top 15 countries in the world. The list of Top 15 countries is according to the list of International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Serial No.	Country	Central Bank
1	USA	Federal Reserve System
2	China	People’s Bank of China
3	Japan	Bank of Japan
4	Germany	Federal Bank of Germany
5	France	Bank of France
6	Brazil	Central Bank of Brazil
7	United Kingdom	Bank of England
8	Italy	Bank of Italy
9	Russia	Central Bank of Russian Federation
10	Canada	Bank of Canada
11	India	Reserve Bank of India
12	Spain	Bank of Spain
13	Australia	Reserve Bank of Australia
14	Mexico	Bank of Mexico
15	South Korea	Bank of Korea

Tamil writer Ashokamitran declared Recipient of the 6 NTR National Literary Award

Noted Tamil writer Ashokamitran, known for his novel Thanneer and other works was declared the recipient of the 6 NTR National Literary Award on 4 May 2012. The award is scheduled to be presented on 28 May 2012. The writer was born in Secunderabad and was closest to Telugu culture, language and people.

The announcement was made by chairperson of NTR Vignan Trust Nandamuri Lakshmi Parvati who recalled how the award was established and began with Kannada writer S.L. Bhyrappa, A. Somasundaram (Telugu), Sachidanandan (Malayalam), Mahasweta Devi and Gnanpith awardee C. Narayana Reddy.

The jury comprised writer Volga, Professor N. Krupanandam of the University of Hyderabad and litterateur Ketu Vishwanatha Reddy. Ashokamitran's name was finalised unanimously, considering the number of his works that were translated in other languages and their relevance to Telugu.

Indo-Bangla Joint Commemoration of the 150th Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore

A Joint Communique was issued highlighting the importance of joint Indo-Bangla celebrations to mark the 150^th Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore after the visit of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina to India in January, 2010. The decision to jointly celebrate the 150^th Anniversary provided the two countries an opportunity to build a vibrant and forward looking relationship.

A National Committee (NC) under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister had been constituted on 27^th April, 2010 to consider policies and lay down guidelines for the appropriate commemoration.  It held its first meeting on 20^th May, 2010.  A National Implementation Committee (NIC) had also been constituted on 27^th April, 2010 under the Chairmanship of Finance Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee for chalking out the programmes and activities and to implement the decisions of the National Committee.  The NIC had met twice in 2010 - on 5^th May and 14^th July. The third meeting of the NIC was held on 6^th April, 2011 and the fourth meeting of NIC was held on 24^th March, 2012. Several programmes and projects were approved by the NIC for a befitting commemoration of 150^th Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore.

A delegation led by the then Secretary Culture, Government of India visited Dhaka in December, 2010 to chalk out the programmes of Joint Indo-Bangla Celebrations. Subsequently a delegation from Bangladesh also visited India in April, 2011 and further discussions was held on joint commemorations.  The inaugural function of the commemoration in India was held on 7^th May, 2011 in New Delhi to start the year-long joint celebrations. Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Planning Minister of Bangladesh, Air Vice Marshal (Retd.), Shri A. K. Khandker, Smt. Sonia Gandhi, Chairperson, National Advisory Council (NAC). Finance Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee, Culture Minister Kumari Selja, Information & Broadcasting Minister Smt. Ambika Soni, External Affairs Minister Shri S.M. Krishna, HRD & Communications Minister Shri Kapil Sibal and President, ICCR Dr. Karan Singh participated in the inaugural programme.

Earlier, an inaugural function was also held on 6^th May, 2011 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The National Implementation Committee had decided in its fourth meeting held on 24^th March, 2012 that the joint commemoration will culminate with Closing Ceremonies to be organized in Dhaka on 6^th May, 2012, and in New Delhi on 7^th May, 2012. Accordingly, the Closing Ceremonies are being organized in Dhaka and New Delhi. Vice-President of India Shri M. Hamid Ansari will be the Chief Guest at the Closing Ceremony on 7^th May, 2012 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.  Several cultural programmes will also be organized by Indian and Bangaladeshi groups on 6^th and 7^th May, 2012 in Delhi as well as Dhaka. 

During the year-long joint Indo-Bangla celebrations, several programmes involving various art forms like songs, dramas, recitation, poetry, kantha paintings etc,  were organized in India and Bangladesh. The programmes have been attended by several dignitaries, high officials and top cultural artists of Bangladesh. The performances in packed auditoria have received rave reviews in practically all leading newspapers and electronic media of India and Bangladesh. The same have renewed the bonds of shared cultural heritage of the two countries.

Boris Johnson narrowly wins London mayoral race

Conservative Boris Johnson has been re-elected for a second term as Mayor of London in a tight race with Labour Party challenger Ken Livingstone. The outcome of  vote means that Mr. Johnson, 47, will remain Mayor of the British capital during this summer’s London Olympics. Johnson defeated Livingstone, who held the post from 2000-08, in a close race. Around 5.8 million Londoners were eligible to vote.

U.S. unemployment ticks down to 8.1 per cent

In a development that is likely to buoy the Obama White House's election prospects in November, the U.S. economy's unemployment rate continued its slow but steady declining trend, inching down from 8.2 per cent in March to 8.1 per cent in April.

Announcing the monthly data release, the U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) noted that non-farm payroll employment rose by 1.15 lakh in April, yet it described the unemployment rate for the month as “little changed.” At the macro level, employment increased in professional and business services, retail trade, and health care, but declined in transportation and warehousing, the BLS added.

Although the number of unemployed persons remained worryingly high at 12.5 million, the White House struck a cautiously positive note about the data.

Alan Krueger, Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers, said “Today's employment report provides further evidence that the economy is continuing to heal from the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, but much more remains to be done to repair the damage caused by the financial crisis and the deep recession.”

While Mr. Krueger emphasised that private employer payrolls increased by 1.30 lakh jobs in April and the unemployment rate had fallen by one percentage point, from 9.1 in August, the BLS cautioned that the civilian labour force participation rate declined in April to 63.6 per cent.